passlib.ifc -- Password Hash Interface

This module provides the abstract interfaces used by Passlib.

PasswordHash API

This module provides the PasswordHash abstract base class. This class defines the common methods and attributes present on all the hashes importable from the passlib.hash module. Additionally, the CryptContext class is deliberately designed to parallel many of this interface's methods.

Tip

hash-tutorial -- Overview of this interface and how to use it.

Base Abstract Class

This class provides an abstract interface for an arbitrary password hasher.

Applications will generally not construct instances directly -- most of the operations are performed via classmethods, allowing instances of a given class to be an internal detail used to implement the various operations.

While PasswordHash offers a number of methods and attributes, most applications will only need the two primary methods:

• hash() - generate new salt, return hash of password.
• verify() - verify password against existing hash.

Two additional support methods are also provided:

• using() - create subclass with customized configuration.
• identify() - check if hash belongs to this algorithm.

Each hash algorithm also provides a number of informational attributes, allowing programmatic inspection of its options and parameter limits.

Tip

hash-tutorial -- Overview of this interface and how to use it.

PasswordHash

This class describes an abstract interface which all password hashes in Passlib adhere to. Under Python 2.6 and up, this is an actual Abstract Base Class built using the :mod:!abc module.

See the Passlib docs for full documentation.

hash abstractmethod classmethod

hash(secret, **setting_and_context_kwds)

Hash secret, returning result. Should handle generating salt, etc, and should return string containing identifier, salt & other configuration, as well as digest.

Parameters:

• \\*\\*settings_kwds –

  Pass in settings to customize configuration of resulting hash.

  .. deprecated:: 1.7

  Starting with Passlib 1.7, callers should no longer pass settings keywords
  (e.g. ``rounds`` or ``salt`` directly to :meth:`!hash`); should use
  ``.using(**settings).hash(secret)`` construction instead.
  
  Support will be removed in Passlib 2.0.
  

• \\*\\*context_kwds –

  Specific algorithms may require context-specific information (such as the user login).

encrypt classmethod

encrypt(*args, **kwds)

Legacy alias for :meth:hash.

.. deprecated:: 1.7 This method was renamed to :meth:!hash in version 1.7. This alias will be removed in version 2.0, and should only be used for compatibility with Passlib 1.3 - 1.6.

verify abstractmethod classmethod

verify(secret, hash, **context_kwds)

verify secret against hash, returns True/False

using abstractmethod classmethod

using(relaxed=False, **kwds)

Return another hasher object (typically a subclass of the current one), which integrates the configuration options specified by kwds. This should always return a new object, even if no configuration options are changed.

.. todo::

document which options are accepted.

Returns:

• –

  typically returns a subclass for most hasher implementations.

  .. todo::

  add this method to main documentation.
  

needs_update classmethod

needs_update(hash, secret=None)

check if hash's configuration is outside desired bounds, or contains some other internal option which requires updating the password hash.

Parameters:

• hash –

  hash string to examine

• secret –

  optional secret known to have verified against the provided hash. (this is used by some hashes to detect legacy algorithm mistakes).

Returns:

• –

  whether secret needs re-hashing.

  .. versionadded:: 1.7

identify abstractmethod classmethod

identify(hash)

check if hash belongs to this scheme, returns True/False

genconfig classmethod

genconfig(**setting_kwds)

compile settings into a configuration string for genhash()

.. deprecated:: 1.7

As of 1.7, this method is deprecated, and slated for complete removal in Passlib 2.0.

For all known real-world uses, hashing a constant string
should provide equivalent functionality.

This deprecation may be reversed if a use-case presents itself in the mean time.

genhash classmethod

genhash(secret, config, **context)

generated hash for secret, using settings from config/hash string

.. deprecated:: 1.7

As of 1.7, this method is deprecated, and slated for complete removal in Passlib 2.0.

This deprecation may be reversed if a use-case presents itself in the mean time.

Hashing & Verification Methods

Most applications will only need to use two methods: hash() to generate new hashes, and verify() to check passwords against existing hashes. These methods provide an easy interface for working with a password hash, and abstract away details such as salt generation, hash normalization, and hash comparison.

PasswordHash.hash(secret, **kwds) (classmethod)

Digest password using format-specific algorithm, returning resulting hash string.

For most hashes supported by Passlib, the returned string will contain: an algorithm identifier, a cost parameter, the salt string, and finally the password digest itself.

• secret (unicode or bytes) — string containing the password to encode.
• kwds — All additional keywords are algorithm-specific, and will be listed in that hash's documentation; though many of the more common keywords are listed under PasswordHash.setting_kwds and PasswordHash.context_kwds.

Warning

Changed in 1.7: Passing setting_kwds such as rounds and salt_size directly into the hash method is deprecated. Callers should instead use handler.using(**settings).hash(secret). Support for the old method is tentatively scheduled for removal in Passlib 2.0. Context keywords such as user should still be provided to hash.

Returns: Resulting password hash, encoded in an algorithm-specific format. This will always be an instance of str (i.e. unicode under Python 3, ascii-encoded bytes under Python 2).

Raises:

• ValueError:
  • If a kwd's value is invalid (e.g. if a salt string is too small, or a rounds value is out of range).
  • If secret contains characters forbidden by the hash algorithm (e.g. des_crypt forbids NULL characters).
• TypeError:
  • if secret is not unicode or bytes.
  • if a kwd argument has an incorrect type.
  • if an algorithm-specific required kwd is not provided.

Warning

Changed in 1.6: Hashes now raise TypeError if a required keyword is missing, rather than ValueError like in previous releases; in order to conform with normal Python behavior.

Warning

Changed in 1.6: Passlib is now much stricter about input validation: for example, out-of-range rounds values now cause an error instead of being clipped (though applications may set relaxed=True (relaxed-keyword) to restore the old behavior).

Warning

Changed in 1.7: This method was renamed from encrypt. Deprecates support for passing settings directly into hash.

PasswordHash.encrypt(secret, **kwds) (classmethod)

Legacy alias for hash().

Warning

Changed in 1.7: This method was renamed to hash in version 1.7. This alias will be removed in version 2.0, and should only be used for compatibility with Passlib 1.3 - 1.6.

PasswordHash.verify(secret, hash, **context_kwds) (classmethod)

Verify a secret using an existing hash.

This checks if a secret matches against the one stored inside the specified hash.

• secret (unicode or bytes) — A string containing the password to check.
• hash (unicode or bytes) — A string containing the hash to check against, such as returned by hash(). Hashes may be specified as unicode or ascii-encoded bytes.
• kwds — Very few hashes will have additional keywords. The ones that do typically require external contextual information in order to calculate the digest. For these hashes, the values must match the ones passed to the original hash() call when the hash was generated, or the password will not verify. These additional keywords are algorithm-specific, and will be listed in that hash's documentation; though the more common keywords are listed under PasswordHash.context_kwds. Examples of common keywords include user.

Returns: True if the secret matches, otherwise False.

Raises:

• TypeError:
  • if either secret or hash is not a unicode or bytes instance.
  • if the hash requires additional kwds which are not provided.
  • if a kwd argument has the wrong type.
• ValueError:
  • if hash does not match this algorithm's format.
  • if the secret contains forbidden characters (see hash()).
  • if a configuration/salt string generated by genconfig() is passed in as the value for hash (these strings look similar to a full hash, but typically lack the digest portion needed to verify a password).

Warning

Changed in 1.6: This function now raises ValueError if None or a config string is provided instead of a properly-formed hash; previous releases were inconsistent in their handling of these two border cases.

Tip

• hash-verifying tutorial for a usage example.

Crypt Methods

Taken together, the genconfig() and genhash() are two tightly-coupled methods that mimic the standard Unix "crypt" interface. The first method generates salt / configuration strings from a set of settings, and the second hashes the password using the provided configuration string.

Tip

Most applications will find hash() much more useful, as it combines the functionality of these two methods into one.

PasswordHash.genconfig(**setting_kwds) (classmethod)

Warning

Changed in 1.7: As of 1.7, this method is deprecated, and slated for complete removal in Passlib 2.0. For all known real-world uses, .hash("", **settings) should provide equivalent functionality. This deprecation may be reversed if a use-case presents itself in the mean time.

Returns a configuration string encoding settings for hash generation.

This function takes in all the same PasswordHash.setting_kwds as hash(), fills in suitable defaults, and encodes the settings into a single "configuration" string, suitable for passing to genhash().

• kwds — All additional keywords are algorithm-specific, and will be listed in that hash's documentation; though many of the more common keywords are listed under PasswordHash.setting_kwds. Examples of common keywords include salt and rounds.

Returns: A configuration string (as str).

Raises ValueError, TypeError: This function raises exceptions for the same reasons as hash().

Warning

Changed in 1.7: This should now always return a full hash string, even in cases where previous releases would return a truncated "configuration only" string, or None.

PasswordHash.genhash(secret, config, **context_kwds) (classmethod)

Encrypt secret using specified configuration string.

Warning

Changed in 1.7: As of 1.7, this method is deprecated, and slated for complete removal in Passlib 2.0. This deprecation may be reversed if a use-case presents itself in the mean time.

This takes in a password and a configuration string, and returns a hash for that password.

• secret (unicode or bytes) — string containing the password to be encrypted.
• config (unicode or bytes) — configuration string to use when hashing the secret. This can either be an existing hash that was previously returned by genhash(), or a configuration string that was previously created by genconfig().

Warning

Changed in 1.7: None is no longer accepted for hashes which (prior to 1.7) lacked a configuration string format.

• kwds — Very few hashes will have additional keywords. The ones that do typically require external contextual information in order to calculate the digest. For these hashes, the values must match the ones passed to the original hash() call when the hash was generated, or the password will not verify. These additional keywords are algorithm-specific, and will be listed in that hash's documentation; though the more common keywords are listed under PasswordHash.context_kwds. Examples of common keywords include user.

Returns: Encoded hash matching specified secret, config, and kwds. This will always be a native str instance.

Raises ValueError, TypeError: This function raises exceptions for the same reasons as hash().

Warning

Traditionally, password verification using the "crypt" interface was done by testing if hash == genhash(password, hash). This test is only reliable for a handful of algorithms, as various hash representation issues may cause false results. Applications are strongly urged to use verify() instead.

Factory Creation

One powerful method offered by the PasswordHash class is using(). This method allows you to quickly create subclasses of a specific hash, providing it with preconfigured defaults specific to your application:

PasswordHash.using(relaxed=False, **settings) (classmethod)

This method takes in a set of algorithm-specific settings, and returns a new handler object which uses the specified default settings instead.

• settings — All keywords are algorithm-specific, and will be listed in that hash's documentation; though many of the more common keywords are listed under PasswordHash.setting_kwds. Examples of common keywords include rounds and salt_size.

Returns: A new object which adheres to PasswordHash api.

Raises:

• ValueError: If a keywords's value is invalid (e.g. if a salt string is too small, or a rounds value is out of range).
• TypeError: if a kwd argument has an incorrect type.

Tip

hash-configuring tutorial for a usage example.

Hash Inspection Methods

There are currently two hash inspection methods, identify() and needs_update().

PasswordHash.identify(hash) (classmethod)

Quickly identify if a hash string belongs to this algorithm.

• hash (unicode or bytes) — the candidate hash string to check

Returns:

• True if the input is a configuration string or hash string identifiable as belonging to this scheme (even if it's malformed).
• False if the input does not belong to this scheme.

Raises TypeError: if {hash} is not a unicode or bytes instance.

Note

A small number of the hashes supported by Passlib lack a reliable method of identification (e.g. lmhash and nthash both consist of 32 hexadecimal characters, with no distinguishing features). For such hashes, this method may return false positives.

Tip

If you are considering using this method to select from multiple algorithms (e.g. in order to verify a password), you will be better served by the CryptContext class.

General Informational Attributes

Each hash provides a handful of informational attributes, allowing programs to dynamically adapt to the requirements of different hash algorithms. The following attributes should be defined for all the hashes in passlib:

PasswordHash.name

Name uniquely identifying this hash.

For the hashes built into Passlib, this will always match the location where it was imported from — passlib.hash.{name} — though externally defined hashes may not adhere to this.

This should always be a str consisting of lowercase a-z, the digits 0-9, and the underscore character _.

PasswordHash.setting_kwds

Tuple listing the keywords supported by using() control hash generation, and which will be encoded into the resulting hash. (These keywords will also be accepted by hash() and genconfig(), though that behavior is deprecated as of Passlib 1.7; and will be removed in Passlib 2.0).

This list commonly includes keywords for controlling salt generation, adjusting time-cost parameters, etc. Most of these settings are optional, and suitable defaults will be chosen if they are omitted (e.g. salts will be autogenerated).

While the documentation for each hash should have a complete list of the specific settings the hash uses, the following keywords should have roughly the same behavior for all the hashes that support them:

salt

Specifies a fixed salt string to use, rather than randomly generating one.

This option is supported by most of the hashes in Passlib, though typically it isn't used, as random generation of a salt is usually the desired behavior. Hashes typically require this to be a unicode or bytes instance, with additional constraints appropriate to the algorithm.

salt_size

Most algorithms which support the salt setting will autogenerate a salt when none is provided. Most of those hashes will also offer this option, which allows the caller to specify the size of salt which should be generated. If omitted, the hash's default salt size will be used.

Tip

See the salt info attributes (below).

rounds

If present, this means the hash can vary the number of internal rounds used in some part of its algorithm, allowing the calculation to take a variable amount of processor time, for increased security.

While this is almost always a non-negative integer, additional constraints may be present for each algorithm (such as the cost varying on a linear or logarithmic scale). This value is typically omitted, in which case a default value will be used. The defaults for all the hashes in Passlib are periodically retuned to strike a balance between security and responsiveness.

Tip

See the rounds info attributes (below).

ident

If present, the class supports multiple formats for encoding the same hash. The class's documentation will generally list the allowed values, allowing alternate output formats to be selected. Note that these values will typically correspond to different revision of the hash algorithm itself, and they may not all offer the same level of security.

truncate_error

This will be present if and only if the hash truncates passwords larger than some limit (reported via it's truncate_size attribute). By default, they will silently truncate passwords above their limit. Setting truncate_error=True will cause hash() to raise a PasswordTruncateError instead.

relaxed

By default, passing an invalid value to using() will result in a ValueError. However, if relaxed=True then Passlib will attempt to correct the error and (if successful) issue a PasslibHashWarning instead. This warning may then be filtered if desired. Correctable errors include (but are not limited to): rounds and salt_size values that are too low or too high, salt strings that are too large.

PasswordHash.context_kwds

Tuple listing the keywords supported by hash(), verify(), and genhash(). These keywords are different from the settings kwds in that the context keywords affect the hash, but are not encoded within it, and thus must be provided each time the hash is calculated.

This list commonly includes a user account, http realm identifier, etc. Most of these keywords are required by the hashes which support them, as they are frequently used in place of an embedded salt parameter. Most hash algorithms in Passlib will have no context keywords.

While the documentation for each hash should have a complete list of the specific context keywords the hash uses, the following keywords should have roughly the same behavior for all the hashes that support them:

user

If present, the class requires a username be specified whenever performing a hash calculation (e.g. postgres_md5 and oracle10).

encoding

Some hashes have poorly-defined or host-dependant unicode behavior, and properly hashing a non-ASCII password requires providing the correct encoding (lmhash is perhaps the worst offender). Hashes which provide this keyword will always expose their default encoding programmatically via the PasswordHash.default_encoding attribute.

truncate_size

A positive integer, indicating the hash will truncate any passwords larger than this many bytes. If None (the more common case), indicates the hash will use the entire password provided. Hashes which specify this setting will also support a truncate_error flag via their using() method, to configure how truncation is handled.

Tip

hash-configuring tutorial for a usage example.

Salt Information Attributes

For schemes which support a salt string, "salt" should be listed in their PasswordHash.setting_kwds, and the following attributes should be defined:

PasswordHash.max_salt_size

The maximum number of bytes/characters allowed in the salt. Should either be a positive integer, or None (indicating the algorithm has no effective upper limit).

PasswordHash.min_salt_size

The minimum number of bytes/characters required for the salt. Must be an integer between 0 and PasswordHash.max_salt_size.

PasswordHash.default_salt_size

The default salt size that will be used when generating a salt, assuming salt_size is not set explicitly. This is typically the same as max_salt_size, or a sane default if max_salt_size=None.

PasswordHash.salt_chars

A unicode string containing all the characters permitted in a salt string. For most modular-crypt-format hashes, this is equal to passlib.utils.binary.HASH64_CHARS. For the rare hashes where the salt parameter must be specified in bytes, this will be a placeholder bytes object containing all 256 possible byte values.

Rounds Information Attributes

For schemes which support a variable time-cost parameter, "rounds" should be listed in their PasswordHash.setting_kwds, and the following attributes should be defined:

PasswordHash.max_rounds

The maximum number of rounds the scheme allows. Specifying a value beyond this will result in a ValueError. This will be either a positive integer, or None (indicating the algorithm has no effective upper limit).

PasswordHash.min_rounds

The minimum number of rounds the scheme allows. Specifying a value below this will result in a ValueError. Will always be an integer between 0 and PasswordHash.max_rounds.

PasswordHash.default_rounds

The default number of rounds that will be used if none is explicitly provided to hash(). This will always be an integer between min_rounds and max_rounds.

PasswordHash.rounds_cost

While the cost parameter rounds is an integer, how it corresponds to the amount of time taken can vary between hashes. This attribute indicates the scale used by the hash:

• "linear" - time taken scales linearly with rounds value (e.g. sha512_crypt)
• "log2" - time taken scales exponentially with rounds value (e.g. bcrypt)